Henry Wells.Henry married Elizabeth Flagg.
He was the brother to the wife of Samuel Adams, patriot.
Elizabeth Flagg [Parents] died in 1817. She married Henry Wells.
Other marriages:Bigelow, the Rev. Jacob
the Rev. Jacob Bigelow was born in Sudbury. He died in 1817. He married Elizabeth Flagg.
Elizabeth Flagg [Parents] died in 1817. She married the Rev. Jacob Bigelow.
Other marriages:Wells, Henry
They had the following children:
M i Jacob Bigelow.
John White was born on 7 Feb 1719/1720. He married Miriam Hazen before 1767.
Other marriages:Haynes, Elizabeth
He removed to Methuen about 1772, where he had a farm of 300 acrres,between the Spicket and Merrimac rivers, now in the center of the city ofLawrence, and died July 11, 1800. He was twice married: first to Mrs.Miriam Hazen, by whom he had six children; and on Feb. 18, 1767, toElizabeth Haynes, herself one of a family of 21 children. She had elevenchildren, of whom Daniel was the fifth.
Miriam Hazen.Miriam married John White before 1767.
Benjamin Greene Arnold [Parents] was born on 16 May 1813. He married Frances Sarah Snow on 6 Aug 1839.
Frances Sarah Snow.Frances married Benjamin Greene Arnold on 6 Aug 1839.
They had the following children:
F i Constance Arnold. F ii Charlotte Bruce Arnold. F iii Frances Arnold. M iv Francis Benjamin Arnold. M v Charles Henry Arnold. M vi Robert Arnold. F vii Mary Arnold. F viii Grace Arnold. F ix Edna Arnold.
Benedict Arnold [Parents] was born on 15 Sep 1777. He died on 4 Nov 1831 in Providence, RI. He married Mary Greene on 10 Dec 1810.
Mary Greene.Mary married Benedict Arnold on 10 Dec 1810.
They had the following children:
M i Benjamin Greene Arnold was born on 16 May 1813. F ii Lucy Lippitt Arnold was born on 2 Oct 1811. F iii Margaret Wickes Arnold was born on 12 May 1815. M iv Charles Henry Arnold was born on 23 Dec 1816. F v Sarah Wickes Arnold was born on 20 Sep 1820.
Andrew Carnegie [Parents] was born in 1769. He married Elizabeth Thom.
James's oldest son was named Andrew. Of him the American iron-master oncewrote: "I think my optimistic nature, my ability to shed trouble and tolaugh through life must have been inherited from this delightful oldmasquerading grandfather whose name I am proud to bear.
From: Nancy C. Rockefeller's book, "The Carnegies and Cumberland Island".
Elizabeth Thom.Elizabeth married Andrew Carnegie.
They had the following children:
M i William Carnegie was born in 1804. He died in 1852. M ii James Carnegie.
Andrew Carnegie [Parents] was born on 25 Nov 1835 in Dumferline, Scotland. He died on 11 Aug 1919. He married Louise Whitfield in 1887.
To help make ends meet, Andrew Carnegie took a job in a cotton mill as abobbin boy for $1.20 per week. His first job. His next job was as astoker in the furnace room at the cotton mill, and at age 15 he joinedthe telegraph office as a messenger boy. He later became an operator,securing a position with the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Carnegie soon caught the eye of Thomas Scott, who had recently been appointed superintendent of the road's western division. He appointed Carnegie his secretary and personal telegrapher; this was to prove a profitable association for both men. During his 12 years with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Carnegie assimilated the managerial skills,grasped the economic principles, and cemented the personal relationships that enabled him to become a successful manager, capitalist and entrepreneur. The railroads had been the pioneers of modern management and bureaucratic structures, and at that time the Pennsylvania Railroad was recognized as the leader in those developments. Carnegie worked for the road during the years when the administrative structure was developed, and he was later to play an instrumental role as superintendent of the western division during unprecedented growth in traffic. When Scott became vice-president of the Pennsylvania in 1859, he appointed Carnegie as his replacement as superintendent of the western division, still a relative youth of 24 years of age. He performed well as superintendent because he thoroughtly understood the management procedures that had been developed. He also proved himself a daring innovator. He cleared wrecks by burning the cars that blocked the line, or by laying new tracks around them. He appointed the first night train dispatchers to facilitate twenty-four hour movements and persuaded his superiors to keep all telegraph stations open around the clock. He succeeded so well that he was offered the post of general superintendent in 1865, but turned it down because he had decided to leave the railroad.
During his years with the Pennsylvania his association with Thomas Scottalso gave him an apprenticeship as a capitalist and financier. In 1856 Scott persuaded him to to buy 10 shares of Adams Express Company stock for $600 lending the money. Carnegie soon received his first ten dollar dividend check, and a whole new world was opened to him. From this modest beginning he began to build his fortune. By 1863 his investment ventures provided him with an outside income of over $45,000 a year, and by 1868 he owned assets worth $400,000 which paid him over $56,000 a year. The first of his major investments was in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, receiving a one-eighth share for acting as agent for Scott and Edgar Thomson. With virtually no cash investments, he made nearly $20,000 a year from his holdings for some twenty years. His next major investment came in 1861 when he participated in the formation of the Columbia Oil Company, allying himself with William Coleman, a Pittsburgh ironmaster.Carnegie invested some $11,000 in the venture, which would eventually earn him over one million dollars. His most satisfying investment,however, was in the Keystone Bridge Company, even though it was less remunerative. Carnegie, Scott, Thomson and other Pennsylvania officials had opened the firm in 1862 to build iron railroad bridges. When Carnegie left the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1865 it was to assume management of the bridge works, which he felt had an exciting future. Exploiting his railroad contacts, Carnegie built Keystone into the largest and most prosperous bridge company in the United States. His most exciting and profitable contracts were for bridges that spanned the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, building the first major bridge across the former river. Designed by James Eads, it was the largest steel arch bridge in the world with a center span of 520 feet: the bridge is still in use.
After leaving the railroad, Carnegie also acted as a bond salesman and speculator on a grand scale. He engaged in manipulating stock in Western Union and Union Pacific, and in alliance with Thomas Scott became a promoter of stocks and bonds, selling $30 million in Europe in the five years between 1867 and 1872. Many of these bonds later faulted, and the buyers lost a great portion of their money. But Carnegie himself retained their confidence, and was later to sell further bond issues to the same sources. In 1872, however, he retired from the bond business, and began construction of what was to become Carnegie Steel. Although he had achieved great wealth in speculation, he had simply acted as the agent of Scott and Thomson, and had built nothing tangible. He now turned to manufacturing as a means of producing something of substance.
In 1864, with Andrew Kloman and Henry Phipps, Jr., Carnegie had purchased a one-sixth interest in the Iron City Forge of Pittsburgh, an axle making concern. This soon became the Union Iron Mills, with Kloman being forced out of the partnership. Carnegie's primary motive with the founding of Union Iron was to create a reliable and cheap source of beams and plates for Keystone Bridge. In this manner he integrated two successive stages of manufacture vertically under a single controlling head. This was Carnegie's first major innovation in manufacturing, coming in an industry which as yet was largely unintegrated. Although he was not a practical ironmaster, his greatest contribution to the iron industry lay in his introduction of the more rigid accounting and bookkeeping methods he had learned in the railroad field. In the existing bookkeeping practice in the iron industry, the cost of each of the various processes was unknown, using only "lump" accounting procedures. Carnegie's first step was to implement methods of cost control whereby he could keep track of what every department was doing, and compare one department with another. Bringing cost-based pricing and management to manufacturing was a major innovation on Carnegie's part, and he was later to greatly expand thesystem when he organized his new Bessemer steel works in the 1870's.
In 1872 Carnegie began to contract his various interests and concentratethem on a single project - his new steel-rail rolling mill. Designed byAlexander Holley, it was the first newly built and organized Bessemerplant in America, and was completed inn 1875. In organizing his steelcompany, Carnegie put together a structure similar to the one he hadworked in on the Pennsylvania Railroad. To provide the technicalexpertise in steel-making he hired the country's most accomplished steelmaker, Captain William R. Jones, as general superintendent to overseeday-to-day work of the superintendents in charge of other departments. Asgeneral manager he appointed William P. Shinn, a highly competentrailroad manager. It was Shinn who coordinated the various parts of thefirm and created an effective unit of production.
Shinn's major achievement was the development of statistical data neededfor coordination and control. He introduced the voucher system ofacounting, which had not previously been used in manufacturing. By thismethod, each department listed the amount and cost of materials and laborused on each order as it passed through the sub-unit. This informationpermitted Shinn to send Carnegie monthly, and later daily statementsproviding data on the cost of ore, limestone, coal, coke, pig iron, andso forth. These cost sheets were Carnegie's primary instrument of controland costs were his major obsession. As he commented, "Watch the costsand the profits will take care of themselves." He compared the currentcosts of each department with those of previous months, and if possiblewith those of other enterprises. (In fact, one of the major reasonsCarnegie joined the Bessemer Pool -- made up of all companies producingBessemer steel rails - was to get a chance to look at competitivefigures.)
By 1889 Carnegie's cost sheets were far more detailed and more accuratethan the cost controls in the other leading industries of the day. Heused them to evaluate the performance of department managers, foremen,and workers, and to check on the quality and mix of raw materials. Theywere also used to evaluate improvements in processes and products and tomake decisions on developing by-products. In pricing they were aninvaluable tool for non-standardized products like bridges. CarnegieSteel would not accept a contract until its costs were carefullyestimated and until options had been obtained on the basic materials ofcoke and ore. Carnegie's technological and organizational innovationsreaped huge dividends. Carnegie's prices were lower and profits higherthan those of any other producer in the industry. As soon as the EdgarThomson Works opened in 1875 it recorded profits of $9.50 per ton. In1878 the rail mill had profits of $401,000, or 31 percent of equity,which rose to $2 million in1880. As the business expanded, profits grewlarger. At the end of the 1890's Carnegie's operations had profits of $20million and 1900 they stood at $40 million.
These profits were generated not only by his organizational andaccounting advancements, but were produced in tandem with Carnegie'sunceasing innovations on the technical side. Although he said that"pioneering don't pay", he was, in fact, one of the industry's mostenergetic and successful innovators. Besides his full scale entrance intoBessemer steel production in the 1870's, at a time when other producershad simply grafted Bessemer converters to existing iron plants. Heintroduced the basic open hearth furnace to replace the Bessemeroperations in the 1890's. The open hearth process produced a better gradeof steel at a lower cost, and his competitors were again left behind.Also, during these years he brought Henry Clay Frick into partnershipthereby gaining control of Frick's massive holdings of coke fields inPennsylvania. Enhancing the vertical integration of the company, the movefurther increased the power and efficiency of the Carnegie operation. Thswas just part of the prolific vertical integration Carnegie achieved withhis firm. He purchased his own sources of iron ore, and built his ownfleet of steamships to carry the ore, and a company railroad to transportore and coke to the mills.
During the 1890's, however, friction began to grow among the Carnegieofficials, especially between Carnegie and Frick. Some of this grew outof bitterness surrounding the violent Homestead strike in 1892, and someout of their differing philosophies of business management. In any event,by 1901 Carnegie was amenable to selling his giant firm. When J.P. Morganset up a financing coalition to purchase his business along with others,Carnegie sold his 58 percent of Carnegie Steel to the new U.S. SteelCompany for $250 million in five percent-fifty year old gold bonds.Carnegie then began to set up benefactions in order to give away largeportions of his fortune, in accordance with the precepts of his "Gospelof Wealth"(1889). In 1901 he formed the Carnegie Corporation of New York,capitalized at $125 million, to support and develop his variouscharities. It could spend only the income on the five percent bonds. Inaddition, he gave $60 million to public library buildings, $29 million tothe Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, $22 million toCarnegie Institute of Technology, and $22 million to the CarnegieInstitute of Washington, in addition to several others. The Carnegiefamily was left with about $25 million when the benefactions wereconcluded.
By THE NEW YORK TIMES (Obituaries Archives)
Until he was a septuagenarian, Andrew Carnegie believed that he wasborn in 1837. Then on a return visit to his native town in Scotland helearned that the date 1837 in the church records merely meant that therecords were commenced in that year, and he was listed as a living childin the first census. He announced his correction of the date of his birthby clicking the news to his brother telegraphers on a miniature telegraphinstrument at his plate at the dinner they were giving in his honor,supposing it to be his seventy-first when it was really his seventy-thirdbirthday.
He was born Nov. 23, 1835, in Dunfermline, a little manufacturing townin Fifeshire, Scotland, at that time noted for its weaving. His fatherand his ancestors for a long way back had been weavers, and at the timeof Andrew's birth the elder Carnegie owned three or four hand looms, oneof which he operated himself, and hired extra hands for the others as thetrade required. Andrew was to have been a weaver, too, but new inventionswere soon to abolish the industry, and William Carnegie, his father, wasthe last of the weaving line.
"I owe a great deal to my mother," he wrote in 1914. "She wascompanion, nurse, seamstress, cook, and washerwoman, and never until latein life had a servant in the house. Yet she was a cultivated lady whotaught me most of what I know."
He earned his first penny by reciting Burns's long poem, "Man Was Madeto Mourn," without a break. There is a story that in Sunday school, beingcalled upon to recite some Scripture text, he astonished the assembly bygiving this: "Look after the pence, and the pounds will take care ofthemselves."
Wealth Put at $500,000,000
Estimates of Mr. Carnegie's wealth made yesterday put it at possibly$500,000,000. When he retired in 1901 he sold his securities of theCarnegie Steel Company to the United States Steel Corporation for$303,450,000 in bonds of that company. He was possessed of largeinterests in addition to those bonds. When he started in 1901 to endowhis great benefactions he made inroads into his capital for several yearsin gifts to libraries for peace propaganda, and to other philanthropiccauses.
The fortune of $303,450,000 in 5 per cent. bonds, if allowed toincrease by the accumulation of interest and reinvestment since 1901would amount to about a billion dollars today, but his numerousbenefactions prevented this. According to financial authorities, however,the ironmaster's ambition to die poor was not realized, and, despite thescale of his philanthropies, it was believed that his fortune was at hisdeath as large as it ever was.
Elihu Root, Jr., son of former United States Senator Root, whosefather for years has been Mr. Carnegie's counsel, declined yesterday todiscuss Mr. Carnegie's affairs, other than to say that he was a citizenof New York City and to admit that his will doubtless would be probatedhere.
When he was 12 years old the steam looms drove his father, the masterweaver, out of business, and, reduced to poverty, the family emigrated toAmerica. There were four, the parents and two boys, Andrew and Thomas.They settled at Allegheny City, Penn., across the river from Pittsburgh,in 1848. The father and Andrew found work in a cotton factory, the son asbobbin boy. His pay was $1.20 in this, his first job. He was soonpromoted, at a slight advance, to be engineer's assistant, and he stokedthe boilers and ran the engine in the factory cellar for twelve hours aday.
It was at this time, he afterward said, that the inspiration came forhis subsequent library benefactions. Colonel Anderson, a gentleman with alibrary of about 400 books, opened it to the boys ever week-end and letthem borrow any book they wanted. Carnegie made full use of theopportunity. "Only he who has longed as I did for Saturdays to come," hesaid, "can understand what Colonel Anderson did for me and the boys ofAllegheny. Is it any wonder that I resolved if ever surplus wealth cameto me, I would use it imitating my benefactor?"
Becomes a Telegraph Messenger
At 14, he became a telegraph messenger. The Superintendent of theoffice, James Reid, also a Scot, took a liking to the new boy. Indeed, itwas his Scotch accent that warmed Reid's heart toward him, and got himthe job. Andrew had not been there a month before he asked Mr. Reid toteach him telegraphy, and spent all his spare time in practice. It wasthe first step upward. "My entrance into the telegraph office," saidCarnegie, "was a transition from darkness to light--from firing a smallengine in a dark and dirty cellar into a clean office with bright windowsand a literary atmosphere, with books, newspapers, pens, and pencils allaround me. I was the happiest boy alive."
One day a death message came before the operators arrived. Carnegietook it, and delivered it, and this led to his promotion to be anoperator. When the Pennsylvania Railroad put up a telegraph wire of itsown he became clerk under Divisional Superintendent Thomas A. Scott, at asalary increased to $35 a month. Mr. Scott got $125 a month, "and,"Carnegie said, "I used to wonder what on earth he could do with so muchmoney."
At that time telegraphy was still new. The dots and dashes were notread by sound, but were all impressed on tape, and Carnegie is said tohave been the third operator in the United States to read messages bysound alone. He was now Colonel Scott's private secretary. One morningwhen Colonel Scott was late coming down the trains were getting tangledup in the yards. The young private secretary wrote out such orders as heknew his chief would give and put them on the wires. When Colonel Scottarrived, greatly disturbed over what he supposed, and prepared to plungeinto the work of straightening things out, Carnegie told what he had doneand said the trains were all under way. Scott said nothing to him, but tothe President of the road he reported that he "had a little Scotch devilin his office who would run the whole road if they'd only give him achance."
His First Investment:
His father died when Andrew was 16, and as the breadwinner of thefamily he advised his mother to make her investment, $600, in ten sharesof Adams Express stock. She mortgaged her home to do it, and there was amonthly dividend of 1 per cent. "I can see that first check of $10dividend money," he said after his retirement. "It was something new toall of us, for none of us had ever received anything but from toil."
This first investment was made on the advice of Scott, who had toldhim that it would be a good one and had offered to help him if he couldnot raise enough.
Colonel Scott became General Superintendent of the Pennsylvania in1858 and Vice President in 1860, taking Carnegie along with him at eachrise. In May, 1861, the civil war had broken out and Scott was appointedAssistant Secretary of War in charge of military railroads andtelegraphs, and again he took Carnegie with him. Carnegie was nowSuperintendent of the Western division of the road, and did not want togo to Washington, but Scott insisted.
Mr. Carnegie was place in charge of the Government telegraphcommunications. He went to Annapolis and opened communications which theConfederates had interrupted. He started out on the first locomotivewhich ran from Annapolis to Washington. While passing Elbridge Junctionhe noticed that the wires had been pegged down by the enemy. He stoppedthe engine, jumped down beside the wires, and cut them. One of themsprang up and gave him a wound in the cheek, the scar of which remainedwith him all through life.
He was on the field at Bull Run in charge of the communications, andwas the last man on the last train that left for Washington when the routbegan.
Meets Sleeping Car Inventor:
While traveling on his division of the road one day he met a man whosaid his name was T. T. Woodruff, and that he had invented a sleepingcar. Mr. Carnegie was interested, and after seeing a model he becameconvinced of its advantages. He arranged an interview between Woodruffand Scott, and they formed a small company which resulted in the use onthe Pennsylvania of the first sleeping cars ever used in the world. Theygave Carnegie an interest, but when his assessment, $217.50, came due, hehad not the money; he borrowed it, however, from a banker in Altoona andrepaid the loan at the rate of $15 a month. His other assessments werepaid from his share of the earnings of the car, and he made a profit onthis venture of about $200,000.
Mr. Carnegie's first attempt to invest the fortune he was beginning tomake came when he put $40,000 in a company formed for the development ofan untried piece of oil land. But oil was not found, he grew discouraged,and he finally succeeded in selling out one- third of his holdings for$3,000. Then he went to Europe, and while he was away the company struckoil, and the share remaining to him was worth a quarter of a million.
Two of his fellow workmen, named Piper and Schiffler, had attractedhis attention by their work on bridges. He proposed to them to organize acompany for building bridges, and the Keystone Bridge Company was formedabout 1863. His brother Thomas had become interested in iron works, andAndrew, after consulting with him, organized the Cyclops mill for theproduction of structural iron to be used in railway bridges.
Colonel Scott joined with them, but the project was not successful,and Andrew Carnegie had to turn to Thomas to help him get out of it. Heproposed that his brother and Henry Phipps, Thomas's partner, should forma combination that would relieve him of his rolling mill, and a union ofinterests was brought about in 1865. The result was the Union Iron Mills.
It was just at the right time. The civil war had just ended and thegreat expansion was beginning. The new concern made great profits, andCarnegie proposed further ventures. It was the era of the building ofrailroads and the development of the West. Steel rails had become worth$80 to $100 a ton.
Adopts Bessemer Steel Process:
By this time Andrew Carnegie was recognized as the leader of thisNapoleonic combination, which, with every new success, reached outfurther. On a visit to England in 1868 he discovered the success beingobtained there with the Bessemer process, and brought the idea home withhim and adopted it in his mills. After he introduced the Bessemer steelprocess in this country he became principal owner of the Homestead andEdgar Thomson Steel Works and other large plants as head of the firms ofCarnegie, Phipps & Co. and Carnegie Brothers & Co.
In 1899 the interests were consolidated in the Carnegie Steel Company,which in 1901 was merged in the United States Steel Corporation, when Mr.Carnegie retired from business.
The only great clash with labor which occurred while Mr. Carnegie wasin business was the Homestead strike of 1892. He was in Europe at thetime, and came in for much criticism for not returning and for lettingthe trouble go to a finish without any action by him. He, however, madean explanation long afterward.
"I was coaching through the Scottish Highlands on my holiday," Mr.Carnegie told the Industrial Relations Commission in 1915, "and did nothear of the lamentable riot at Homestead until days after it occurred. Iwired at once that I would take the first steamer home, but was requestednot to come."
He said that after his return he told the Homestead rollers that hispartners had offered liberal terms and he could not have offered more,and that one of the men said: "Oh, Mr. Carnegie, it wasn't a question ofdollars! The boys would have let you kick them, and they wouldn't letanother man stroke their hair." And he also told the commission a storyof his treatment of Burgess McLuckie, one of the Homestead men whodisappeared to avoid arrest after the riots. Professor van Dyke ofRutgers College told him that he had met McLuckie working as a laborer ina mine at Sonora, Mexico. Carnegie asked the professor to offer McLuckieany help he might need, and on his return to the West he did so.
He found that McLuckie had obtained a position with the SonoraRailway, driving wells, and was prospering. "You don't know," said theprofessor, "whose money I was told to help you with." He did not. "Well,it was Mr. Carnegie's." "Then," related Mr. Carnegie, "came the slow,earnest response: 'That was damned white of Andy.' When I heard this Isuggested to my friend Van Dyke that it wouldn't be a bad epitaph tograce one's tombstone. If it ever did I hoped there would be no longblank between the d's. Each letter should be put down to give McLuckie'sproper expression."
He sold out to the Steel Corporation for $420,000,000, and in histestimony before the Stanley Committee in 1912, referring to thisbargain, he exclaimed, "What a fool I was! I have since learned from theinside that we could have received $100,000,000 more from Mr. Morgan ifwe had placed that value on our property."
His Peace Propaganda:
Of all his fields of public activity he took most interest, probably,in his peace propaganda. An offshoot of his peace labors was his interestin bringing about arbitration in Central and South America. He aided inthe organization of various leagues and commissions to this end, and whenSecretary of State Elihu Root returned from his tour of South America Mr.Carnegie at once gave Mr. Root's alma mater, Hamilton College, $200,000"in memory of the services of Senator Root in behalf of internationalpeace." In 1907 he sent a peace commission to the Latin-Americanrepublics.
"Not so long ago," said Mr. Carnegie in 1907, "a speaker recited in myhearing how he had seen the most powerful naval vessel in the world--theDreadnought with her 18,000 tons displacement. When my turn came I saidthat I must regret to dispute the statement. I myself had seen the mostpowerful naval vessel in the world. She was a tiny yacht-like vessel,painted in beautiful white, with a flag at her masthead and a toy cannonon her deck--for use in firing salutes, mostly.
"Such dainty vessels as these serve to maintain the neutrality of theNorth American great lakes. The little white yacht was the truedreadnought. The name of the other, the vast, gloomy and terrible engine,should be 'Dread-everything'--dread wounds, dread shot, dread drowning,dread savage, hellish passions; dread miserable, tortured, fruitlessdeath."
If there seemed an inconsistency in his attacks on armament and themaking of it, in that he himself had once engaged in the manufacture ofarmor plate, he had an answer ready. He had engaged in it reluctantly. Hehad declined to bid to President Cleveland for armor manufacture, despiteSecretary Whitney's pleadings to him to reconsider. President Harrisonand Secretary Tracy had urged him, but he had refused. Then, while he wascoaching in Scotland, he received a telegram from Tracy saying: "ThePresident considers it your duty to contract for the armor for yourcountry; the ships now wait for it." Carnegie, according to his story,replied: "That settles it. That command from the President of my countryis a command from on high."
His Famous Utterance:
His famous utterance about "dying disgraced" appeared in an article inthe North American Review in 1898, in which he said:
"The day is not far distant when the man who dies leaving behind himmillions of available wealth, which were free for him to administerduring life, will pass away 'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' no matter towhat use he leaves the dross which he cannot take with him. Of such asthese the public verdict will be, 'The man who dies thus rich diesdisgraced.'"
When he came back to the United States in 1907 he was the centralfigure of the dedication of the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, whichhad cost him $6,000,000. In a remarkable speech he said that he could notbring himself to a realization of what had been done. He felt likeAladdin, when he saw this building and was aware that he had put it up,but he could not bring himself to a consciousness of having done it anymore than if he had produced the same effect by rubbing a lamp. He couldnot feel the ownership of what he had given, and he could not feel thathe had given it away.
In "Problems of today," a book published in 1907, Mr. Carnegieexpressed some views on wealth which are unusual in a millionaire. Hedeclared socialism, viewed upon its financial side, to be just, and said,"A heavy progressive tax upon wealth at death of owner is not onlydesirable, it is strictly just."
And he favored an income tax. Before the passage of the Underwood lawhe said in a speech at Montrose, Scotland: "Great Britain is ahead of theUnited States in having a progressive income tax. But do not flatteryourselves, we shall catch up with you very soon." A little later heexpressed himself as pleased with the Underwood bill, so far as theincome tax feature was concerned.
Mr. Carnegie did not believe in alms-giving. His idea was to helpothers help themselves, which was why he said, of his gifts of organs tochurches, "I now only give one-half the cost, the congregations firstprovide the other." As for beggars, he was proud of his indifference tothem: "I never give a cent to a beggar, nor do I help people of whoserecord I am ignorant; this at least is one of my really good actions."
Another side. Hearing two or three years ago that a librarian in hislibrary at Atlanta was going to marry he wrote her a long letter ofcongratulation in Scotch dialect, and then mentioned a little inclosureof $100,000 in steel bonds as a wedding present. In speaking to herfriends about it Miss Annie Wallace, the bride, said the letter pleasedher about as much as did the gift inclosed.
He conceived the original idea of forming a corporation for thepurpose of paying out money. It was the Home Trust Company, and it wassimply his disbursing office. Its headquarters were in New York.
One of Mr. Carnegie's attempted benefactions was received with such ge
Louise Whitfield died after 1940. She married Andrew Carnegie in 1887.
They had the following children:
Hugh G.M. Kelleher.Hugh married Dorothy Duncan. Hugh graduated in 1918 in Harvard.
Dorothy Duncan.Dorothy married Hugh G.M. Kelleher.
Other marriages:Carnegie, Thomas M.
Thomas M Carnegie [Parents] was born in 1923. He married Florence Herrick.
The following was written by Tom Carnegie IV, great grandson of theoriginal Tom Carnegie. He called his grandparents "Aunt" Virginia and"Uncle" Morris as did his siblings and cousins.
Cumberland Island Childhood Reflections by Thomas Morrison Carnegie IV
I came to the Island at age 5 or 6, over Easter vacations for tenconsecutive years. I have no first recollection. The Island was alwaysthere, as were Pa, Aunt Virginia and Uncle Morris.
The Cottage, a rambling two-story with an attached greenhouse was afascination to a young boy. So much to see and to do! Uncle Morris oftenshowed me some unusual plants he grew. One was some kind of far-eastbanana which produced a small flower that smelled exactly like a bananabut nothing more. He must have really admired it for he put it in theCottage garden where it flourished.
Just off the garden was the kitchen, where good-humored Eddie Floyd, thecook, presided. Eddie was always laughing and telling stories. I spent alot of time in the kitchen. There I also met Jimmy Williams who hd theunusual job of bringing Uncle Morris a double Coca Cola before lunchevery day. Like Eddie, Jimmy was always laughing and soon I was doing thesame. In those days, there was a lot of laughter around the Cottage.
My impressions remain sharp and clear. The immense Chinese bamboo treesguarding the north end of the Cottage pond. The sinking "swish" as theyflexed at sundown, as waves of white and blue greater and lesser heronslanded singly or in groups. Night sounds - tree frogs in chorus; the hootof the great-horned owl; the musical trill of the nightingdale.
Unforgettable sights - the yellow flash of the jasmine vine runningthrough the live oaks on the main road. overpowering scent! The brilliantwhite of the magnolia blossoms on the trees near the Big House. Theeagles' nest on the River road, just north of the Captain's Quarters, andBill Yates climbing up to count the newly hatched. That was dangerous. Hewas not well received by the parents!
The rings over the Big House pool - Pa said tradition had it that beforeguests left the Island they had to swing over the green sulfurous water.Many fell in, fully dressed. It took me years to master those rings. Itwasn't as hard as long as one kept up one's momentum; if not, one wentstraight down.
Pa taught me to surf cast from Stafford Shoals to Christmas Creek. Inever caught anything over a few pounds, but I could stand in the waterfor hours and have no sensation of time passing. Time and again we ran along seine with whoever was available. It was always exciting to see whatwe dragged in . I clammed south of the jetties; walked the island routeto the Raccoon Keys; explored South Point with Pa; saw rattlesnakes movewith deceptive speed; and inhaled the heavy moist air.
Source: The Carnegies & Cumberland Island by Nancy Carnegie Rockefeller
And my own recollections:
I remember leaving a penny on the railroad track to let the train flattenit at Yulee where people would get off to go to the island. I used tolove that train trip south on the Orange Blossom Special or Silver Meteorwhen I was allowed to travel alone. Waking up in my berth as the Georgialandscape rushed by.
I used to ride my go carts around and around the porch of the Big House(Dunginess long before vandalism destroyed it) where nobody lived anylonger.
I remember the calls of the Whip-poor-Wills at night in the vast fieldbetween the Big House and the Cottage.
In my mind I can still see the layout of the Cottage - and the room whereI slept. In the cold of the mornings someone would come in and light afire in the fireplace before I arose! The bathroom I used was across thesecond floor hallway near the stairs and to the left of the guest roomsin front where Uncle Tom and Ma slept in one and Uncle Carter in theother. It had a gravity flush toilet with the overhead tank and chain.Andrew was down the hall in the other direction towards Uncle Morris andAunt Virginia, who slept in the master bedroom at the south end. Thatroom was above the gun room and den on the first floor with the attachedgreen house. There was a stairway from that bedroom so Uncle Morris couldget to his greenhouse and guns quickly. The main living room was entereddirectly from the east side and was large in length ending up at thehallway to the gun room, den and greenhouse. The dining room was to theright of the living room and main staircase. The pantry and kitchen werein the back on the west side near the garden. Above were Jenny, thehousekeeper's sewing room, and the wing for the help. I was once placedin solitary confinement in one of those servant's rooms for sometransgression. For a "cottage" it was pretty large.
I remember going down to the beach after dark in the Spring to see thesea turtles lay their eggs. The cars would face the turtles with theirheadlights on and if you dug the sand away from behind the turtles, youcould see the eggs dropping out. There was a beach house neaby where thegrown-ups kept refreshments for occasions like this.
I also had some pet rabbits which gave birth to a profusion of bunnies.After awhile the babies disappeared, and I was told to my horror thatrabbits like to eat their young. The island was a wonderland to a smallboy, and my memories of it are vivid. - Julian Sloan
Florence Herrick.Florence married Thomas M Carnegie.
Eliphalet Chichester [Parents] was born in 1737 in Huntington, NY. He died on 7 Feb 1804 in Huntington, NY. He was married on 11 Sep 1758 in Huntington, Suffolk Co. L.I..
Other marriages:Carman, Margaret
Like his forebearers, Eliphalet Chichester, known as "The Elder", was aman of high principle who suited his actions to his words. A fisherman bytrade, it was probably when he had to post a five hundred pound bound inorder to obtain a license to marry Mary Pine that he began to take noteof laws that he would later rebel against.
The bond stated that he was;
" . . . firmly bound unto our Sovereign Lord George - by the Grace ofGod, of Great Britain - Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith & in the sumof Five Hundred Pounds, Current Money of the Province of New York, is tobe paid to His Majesty or his Heirs or Successors; For the which paymentwell and truly to be made, and done, we do bind ourselves, and each ofus, our and each of our Heirs, Executors, and Administratories, and everyof them firmly by these Presents. Sealed with our Seale, Dated the 7thDay of September in the year of his said
Majesty's Reign, Anoque Domni 1758.THE CONDITION OF THIS SALE IS SUCH:
That whereas the above bounded Eliphalet Chichester hath obtained aLicense of Marriage for himself of the one party and Mary Pine of SuffolkCounty, Spinster, of the other party. Now if it shall not appearhereafter that they or either of them the said Eliphalet Chichester andMary Pine have any lawful Let or Impediment of Pre-Contract, Affinity, orConsanguinty to hinder their being joined in the Holy bonds of Matrimony,and after-wards their living together as Man and Wife, then thisObligation to be void and none respect, or else to stand, remain,
abide, and be in full force an Virtue.Signed; Eliphalet Chichester & Martin Pendergrast.
After such a binding contract no one could afford to change one's mind,have an accident or let anything interfere. Fortunately Eliphalet andMary were married four days later.
It was just such exhorbitant demands as this that lighted the FreedomFires. This particular one acounts for the absence of confirmation ofmany marriages, especially in the Colonies of Virginia, New Jersey andNew York where magistrates and governors were adament in enforcing suchmonetary demands.
Conditions did not improve; they only got more so, until in 1775,Eliphalet was one of the first signers of the Association AgainstEngland, which was a pledge to refuse any assistance to the authority ofthe King of England. He, Eliphalet, was a Minute Man and ready to backhis words with action. A Regiment was raised in Long Island to oppose theBritish authority. Eliphalet was a Private in Capt. John Wick's Company,Col. Josiah Smith's Regiment, Suffolk Co. Militia.
Opposition to Great Britain was so strong in Huntington, that after theBritish won the Battle of Brooklyn, a detachment of soldiers wasstationed at Huntington to control the rebellious population.
Huntington Harbour offered a convenient springboard to the Continent.Connecticut and Massachusetts, hotbeds of revolutionaries, lay justacross the Sound, making Long Island a strategic point of operation forthe British. The town was subjected to the most ruthless treatment.Property was confiscated and provisions seized, cattle seized, and thepeople left in an impovrished condition. Those that remained were forcedto sign an Oath of Loyality, which included a declaration that they hadsurrendered all arms to the British.
Many men escaped to CT to join the Revolutionary Forces. Some were ableto take their families. Eliphalet was one of them. Having earned thereputation with the British of being "The worst rebel of the lot", he wasable to escape detection and to evacuate his family to Stratford, CT, in1776. He had been active, and would continue to be, in undergroundactivities, smuggling arms and ammunition across the Sound to theContinental Army, carrying them at night in small boats. (See "Refugeesof 1776 From Long Island", by F.G. Mather.
References; CHB pp. 25, 26, 27, 28; Huntington Church Records; DutchReformed Church of Flatbush, Long Island, NY; The National Society ofDaughters of Founders and Patriots of America; Other references aslisted.
He had the following children:
M i James Pine Chichester was born in 1759. He died in 1822. M ii Ebenezer Chichester was born on 5 May 1763. He died on 31 Aug 1840. M iii Eliphalet Chichester was born on 9 Dec 1764. He died on 9 Dec 1811.